Describe The Various Mode Of Medicare In The USA - 825 Words

Describe The Various Mode Of Medicare In The USA (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseProfessorDateDistributive Justice ExerciseQuestion 1 aMedicare is a medical program tailor made to serve persons from the age of 65 years or older, persons with permanent liver failure that is in dire need of dialysis also referred to as end stage renal disease and also younger persons with certain disabilities which was an idea of the federal government insurance program. When paying the other half of the charges, payments may differ due to factors such as the amount of care a beneficiary needsMedicare part AThis part of the program, hospital insurance, only takes care of the inpatient stays in the hospital where things like food, private room, medication that is related to one's inpatient needs, home medical services, skilled nursing facilities and medical tests are taken care of which is also termed as hospital insurance and eligibility is 65 years and above and younger people with disabilities.Medicare part BMedicare part B is also referred to as medical insurance, generally covers on an outpatient basis where it takes care of some of the products and services not covered on part A. if the beneficiary is still working, or their spouse is still working and they have some kind of insurance through the employer, then this part in optional to them which usually covers 80% of the cost of the hospital bills and the rest 20% is taken care of by the patient.Medicare part CMedicare part C also termed as Medicare advantage is the most preferred medical care coverage by many because of its properties of covering bill in all of Medicare Part A and also Medicare Part B. also, it offers more additional coverage on long term medical conditions such as vision, hearing and dental conditions. Furthermore, it allows private health insurance companies to provide Medicare services to beneficiaries.Medicare part DThis part of the Medicare id also called the prescription drug benefit because it covers and subsidizes all Medicare beneficiaries costs on al l prescription drugs in the USA although one might lose covers connected to their employers or other unions. Furthermore, this cover will serve only those registered to parts A and B of the Medicare.Medicaid for the state of New Jersey covers all persons from children, pregnant women, the blind people, parents, dependent children among others. SCHIP is the States Childrens Health Insurance Program and in New Jersey, it was devised to help uncovered children in families that have lower income and too high to afford Medicaid.EMTALA is the emergency medical treatment and labour act, which is a law by the federal government that anyone who comes to the emergency section is treated and healed and is much emphasized in New Jersey.Question 3Stakeholders of the Medicare programs include the federal government, medical insurance firms, hospitals, issuers and states that offer these services to the citizens.Question 4Health policy program Distributive justice theory used Stakeholder resource winner Stakeholder resource looser Medicare part A Compensation patient, insurance firms, govt. none Medicare part B Socialism patient none Medicare part C Egalitarianism patient none Medicare part D Work ethic Patient, pharmaceutical firms Patients, government Medicaid Equitability patient none SCHI...

Satire The Princess Bride - 956 Words

Good comedies are very rare to come across, in today’s times. Due to the fact that many comedies are not as funny as they re thought out to be and they focus on issues that not related to anything funny at all. Satire, is mostly seen associated with comedies and comedians were they express their selves using irony or a lot of ridicule to show people stupidity. In my thesis essay, I want to show the reader that I have a full concept of what the essay is about while showing how satire is used in the topic I chose. In William Goldman’s novel, a comedy entitled â€Å"The Princess Bride†. There is a lot of satire that is paraphrased in the book. The book focuses on fairy tale land themes along with bits and pieces focused on the fantasy genre as well. The satire elements used within the book by Goldman, although the novel does contain a lot of comedy. The princess bride style is written in a dual narrative that shows the progression of two stories throughout the storyline of the two novels. In the first theme setting Goldman himself takes actions of using another author s work about what really transpired with the princess bride. This is a first sign of satire, because Goldman is ridiculing the previous author s work with subtlety. Goldman used illusion of The Princess Bride with a different perspective totally fictitious history, claiming it was his favorite book as any other child growing up. Goldman who basically recreates the classic fairy tale story of what true love was andShow MoreRelatedThe Satirical Theme of The Princess Bride, by William Goldman814 Words   |  4 Pages Satire with a funny twist. In the novel The Princess Bride, William Goldman satirizes both fairy tales and the standard literary process through his characters and their actions. Westley, a poor farmer, falls in love with the far from perfect maiden, Buttercup, but has to sail away in order to find his fortunes. Years later, Buttercup, thinking that Westley abandoned her, is forcibly engaged to Prince Humperdinck, a cruel and calculating man. Vizzini, Fezzik, and Inigo, three mysterious kidnappersRead MoreTaylor Lane Colyer. Dr. Cos sar. Final Paper. April 11,1756 Words   |  8 Pages11, 2017 Genre and Narrative in The Princess Bride Genre and narrative appear in all forms of film; they cannot exist without each other. Films have some form of narrative that makes it unique for a specific genre. This is due to the way the story is told. Depending on how the story is told the audience will generate a response to the film they are watching. Narrative and genre are used to explain the story and plot of a film. Let’s look at The Princess Bride for example; this is a genre film thatRead MoreShijing and Chuci Essay examples1885 Words   |  8 Pagesthe plan from the Charge of Heaven to rule. The Greater Brightness. The beginning of the second stanza reads: From Zhi the second daughter, Ren, went from the land of Yin and Shang. She came to marry into Zhou, in its great city, foreign bride. Together then with Ji the King they did that work of Power. Owen calls poems that celebrate the dynastys anointment by right of receiving Heavens Charge propaganda of Zhou. Some of this propaganda of Zhou is seen in the fourth stanza:Read MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagesabuse’† (161). â€Å"Some time in the afternoon...I asked, What am I to do?...the answer my mind gave—Leave Thornfield at once—was so prompt, so dread, that I stopped my ears. I said I could not bear such words now. That I am not Edward Rochester’s bride is the least part of my woe...but that I must leave him decidedly, instantly, entirely, is intolerable. I cannot do it. But, then, a voice within me averred that I could do it and foretold that I should do it. I wrestled with my own resolution: I

Women Being Controlled in The Yellow Wallpaper - 1091 Words

The Yellow Wallpaper Today, women have more freedoms than we did in the early nineteenth century. We have the right to vote, seek positions that are normally meant for men, and most of all, the right to use our minds. However, for women in the late 1800’s, they were brought up to be submissive housewives who were not allowed to express their own interests. In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is isolated from the world and her family because she is suffering from a temporary illness. Under her husband’s care, she undergoes a treatment called â€Å"rest cure† prescribed by her doctor, Dr. Weir Mitchell. It includes bed rest, no emotional or physical stimulus, and†¦show more content†¦Such circumstances, causes the woman to fall into a deeper depression because she feels trapped and lonely. With good intentions, John controls his wifes life and makes all decisions for her, whether she agrees with them or not. His wife is full aware of the restrictions that her husband has imposed on her, but she is recessive to his control and often agrees with him. However, she fails to see â€Å"signs of her confinement: the bars at the window, the gate at the top of the stairs, steel rings on the walls, and the nailed-down bestead† (Korb). Because she is unable to escape from the isolation that her husband has kept her in, the woman seeks relief from the yellow wallpaper and she creates an imaginary relationship it. In fact, the worst thing her husband should not of done is give his unstable wife an object that is not appealing to focus on. In doing so, he has given her an opportunity to let her mind wonder and create objects that no one else sees. John, however, does not give any thought to this because after all, he thinks he knows what is best for his wife. Every request the woman in the story has made to her husband has been dismissed and her depression continues to worsen because she has lost co ntrol of her own life. John fails to understand how it feels for his wife to be trapped in her room all day. â€Å"He forces his wife into a daily confinement by four walls whose paper, described as ‘debased Romanesque,’ is an omnipresent figuring of theShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins1162 Words   |  5 PagesA New Beginning In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman discusses the oppression men have towards women through the story of a nameless narrator during the 19th century. In the story, the unknown narrator, a woman, is telling her struggle for freedom and her fight to escape from the subordination in her marriage with a physician. In the story, the narrator suffers an illness that prevents her from doing things she likes such as writing. Throughout her illness, the narrator slowly becomesRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pageslike to look out of the windows even – there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a womanRead Moreâ€Å"The labor of women in the house, certainly, enables men to produce more wealth than they otherwise1300 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The labor of women in the house, certainly, enables men to produce more wealth than they otherwise could; and in this way women are economic factors in society. But so are horses.† Stated by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. She compared the labor of women to a horse because just as a horse has no say neither did women. She states that men could be wealthier if women were to work instead of doing only house work but they are entitled to keep up the house and that is there economic function in society. CharlotteRead MoreThe Role of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins699 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins #65279; Reflecting upon their role in society, women in literature are often portrayed in a position that is dominated by men. Especially in the nineteenth century, women were repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as other male influences. The Yellow Wallpaper, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story of a woman, her psychological difficulties and her husbands so called therapeutic treatment of her alimentsRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Enters the Canon1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper Enters the Canon What I want to see people get rid of... is the idea that home is sacred because the dinner is cooked there. Home is sacred because love and congeniality and companionship are there meaning home is beautiful and blessed because of the love that comes from the home (Gilman). Charlottes great use of detailed words proves that she is a professional when it comes to American gothic writing. Gilman is a master in creating stories that leave the reader completelyRead MoreAnalyzing The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman944 Words   |  4 Pages Analyzing The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a story about a woman who had a nervous breakdown. It’s all started when the narrator s and her husband John rented a nice house that they could afford. The narrator s husband â€Å"ordered† the narrator to pick a nice large, airy room on the top floor for the two of them, although she preferred the smaller, prettier room on the ground floor. The narrator didn’t like the bedroom that her husband picked, she had toRead MoreThere Have Been Multiple Conceptions About â€Å"The Yellow1510 Words   |  7 Pagesconceptions about â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† over the true significance of the story and it has been evaluated by many scholarly writers for several generations. The story was written by the poet Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the nineteenth-century and it conveyed ideas about symbolism, feminism and individualism. It provides the reader with her viewpoint on society’s subjugation of women by the patriarchal model that reserved power for men. The gender ideology stressed that women and men were to conformRead More Response to The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman815 Words   |  4 Pagesto The Yellow Wallpaper The woman behind this work of literature portrays the role of women in the society during that period of time. The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a well written story describing a woman who suffers from insanity and how she struggles to express her own thoughts and feelings. The author uses her own experience to criticize male domination of women during the nineteenth century. Although the story was written fifty years ago, The Yellow WallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is Centered Around Individualism and Feminism644 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† theme is centered around individuality and feminism. The woman in the story is suffering with depression but does not know how to deal with her illness due to her husband insensitivity and lack of belief of her illness. During this time period women were oppressed and were to be â€Å"seen and not heard.† Women were not seen as an equal individual to men but more like children. It is very clear that the wife is made inferior to her husband John. By him being a physician

Sociological Insight The Coming Apart of a Dorm Society

Edward Peselman writes about social structure, social status, and social power in the essay The Coming Apart of a Dorm Society. The essay begins with the commencement of freshman year at college, when the narrator moves into his dormitory along with five other young men from different walks of life. Not only are the six freshmen from different backgrounds, but they also demonstrate unique personalities. Dozer and Reggie are the narrators two roommates. Eric, Mark, and Benjamin lived across the hall. Because they occupy the same geographic space, the six men develop a sort of pecking order. They create an artificial power structure in which some of the men, namely Erik and Mark, attempt to dominate the others. Ultimately, Benjamin buckles under the pressure and leaves the dorm: an act that the narrator lauds as being righteously subversive. Peselman constructs a logical argument in The Coming Apart of a Dorm Society. The author substantiates his claims with ample scholarly references, which are cited properly. He first defines his terms, enabling the logical structure of the essay. For example, Peselman cites Randall Collins, who is a sociologist at the University of California, Riverside, to define the exercise of power as the attempt to make something happen in society, (p. 1). The author repeatedly weaves quotes from Collins throughout the essay, rather than using an emotional appeal or relying on his personal credibility. Peselman also describes the scenario inShow MoreRelatedThe Coming Apart of a Dorm Society: An Analysis1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Coming Apart of a Dorm Society by Edward Peselman offers insight into the environment that college students are subjected to if they choose to or are required to live in assigned dormitories on their school campuses. Peselmans analysis of the college dormitory environ ment is approached from a sociological perspective and provides scientific credibility into the points that he makes throughout his essay. In the essay, Peselman explores the power dynamics that are made present through habitationRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesor for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so many years of investigating mistakes, and more recently successes also, it might seem a challenge to keep these new editions fresh and interesting. The joy of the chase has made this an intriguing endeavor through the decades. Still, it is always difficult to abandon interesting cases that have stimulated student discussions and provoked useful insights, but newer case possibilities are ever contesting for inclusionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesFOCUS ⠝  Luthans, Rosenkrantz, and Hennessey (1985) †¢ 52 managers in 3 organizations †¢ Participant observation of skills demonstrated by most effective versus least effective managers ⠝  Curtis, Winsor, and Stephens (1989) †¢ 428 members of the American Society of Personnel Administrators in the United States †¢ (1) Skills needed to obtain employment †¢ (2) Skills important for successful job performance †¢ (3) Skills needed to move up in the organization Employment Verbal communication Listening EnthusiasmRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesconcluded that increasing the level of job specialization—the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in speciï ¬ c tasks over time—increases efï ¬ ciency and leads to higher organizational performance.5 Armed with the insights gained from Adam Smith’s observations, other managers and researchers began to investigate how to improve job specialization to increase performance. Management practitioners and theorists focused on how managers should organize and control the workRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSkills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Emp loyees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most

Critical Periods Of Brain Growth And Cognitive Function

The article I chose to analyze was â€Å"Critical periods of brain growth and cognitive function in children†. The research was about the relationship between brain growth and the impact it has on different periods of cognitive development. The hypothesis of the study was to determine if brain growth during different periods of development influenced cognitive functioning later in life. (Gale, C.R. 2003) The research was conducted by taking measurements of the head at 18 weeks gestation, within 48 hours of birth, 9 months, and 9 years. â€Å"Foetal head circumference was measured around the outer table of the skull using standard sonographic landmarks.† (Gale, C.R. 2003) At all other ages measurements were taken by using a tape measure wrapped tightly around the head. The weight of each child was taken at birth, 9 months, and 9 years. At birth and 9 months of age measurements were taken of the crown-heel length using a neonatal stadiometer, and at age 9 height me asurements were taken using a portable stadiometer. (Gale, C.R. 2003) Cognitive function of both the children and the mothers were measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale as part of the follow up study. (Gale, C.R. 2003) There were a total of 559 children involved in this study from the feonatal stage to 9 months of age. The mothers of each of the children involved in this study were part of an earlier study of nutrition during pregnancy between April 1992 and June 1993. (Gale, C.R. 2003) AllShow MoreRelatedEffects of Deficiencies in Nutrition 757 Words   |  3 Pagesvital nutrients during the most critical period of their mental and physical development. Effects of malnutrition on early cognitive development It is important to note that the complexities surrounding and much deserved attention for brain development processes unequivocally warrant further reading and research, more than can be fully explored here, however this section will briefly illuminate a few of the key issues surrounding malnutrition and early childhood cognitive development. Fetal and childRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Is The Most Rapid Period Of Development960 Words   |  4 Pagesa little research I have come to the conclusion that Early Childhood Education is the most rapid period of development in a human brain. The years from conception through birth to eight years of age critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical growth of children. The brain is part of the central nervous system, and plays a decisive role in controlling many bodily functions, including both voluntary activities such as walking or speaking and involuntary ones. Babies withRead MoreVideo Games Encourage Violent Behavior1177 Words   |  5 Pages(Bavelier, Brain training: Games to do you good, 2013). Besides the fact that there is no correlational proof that video games encourage violent behavior, psychologists have proved that some good does come out of playing games. Video games, it seems, encourage positive brain plasticity. In the meeting hosted by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, scientist gathered to discuss way of using interactive technology, such as games, to boost brain activity (Bavelier, Brain training:Read MoreNourishing a Child Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesof a child’s life, specifically from zero to five years of age, malnutrition is of the greatest concern. Failing to properly feed a child’s body can cause irreversible damage to the mind leading to developmental delays, stunted physical cognitive and emotional growth, mental retardation, livelong illness and even death. In many countries across the globe, lack of funds and resources contribute greatly the malnourished child issues. However, in established countries such as the United States, whereRead MoreThe Effect Of Fine Motor Skills And Vocabulary Development1251 Words   |  6 Pageshandwriting to typing in early schooling is largely due to the introduction of computers into the classroom. Whil e this allows students accesses to more information than ever before, there could be cognitive detriments to this sudden introduction to technology in the classroom. This is a critical period for children who are undergoing an extensive expansion of their gross and fine motor skills. Fine motor skills are considered the movements of children’s small muscles, including fingers, toes, lipsRead MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Intelligence995 Words   |  4 Pagesintelligence behaviors, especially in anti-epileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine, will cause great damage on children s brain growth (Gaily et al. 2004). Riggins et al. (2012) also state that in prenatal stage, the mother exposure to drugs will cause incomplete development of the brain, leading to a negative result in intelligence, especially in memory function and cognitive ability. In addition, alcohol is another factor which can lead to low intelligence performance. According to Kesmodel et alRead MoreLearning Styles And Sociocultural Influences On Child And Adolescent Development1641 Words   |  7 Pagesand development. I will be examining an article from a media how these developmental theories analyses and helps us to understand the behaviour of child and adolescents. I will also try to explain about the domain of development such as physical, cognitive, emotional and social. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/19/is-adolescent-risk-taking-vital-for-our-species There are so many examples of child and adolescent behaviour is reported in the media on a daily basis. Such behaviourRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Exercise On Brain Health1572 Words   |  7 PagesExercise on Brain Health Physical exercise does not only promote physical appearance and the body’s health, it also promotes brain health. The brain is a dynamic organ that replaces and repairs neurons throughout life. When people engage in exercise, rarely do they think about the potential affects it has on their brain. People that work out utilize various amounts of motor skills that have been acquired gradually through practice. Those utilized motor skills elicit the brains cognitive processesRead MoreMusic : Music And Brain Development1112 Words   |  5 PagesMusic and Brain Development Brenen E. Dapkiewicz Music and Brain Development Start by speaking the ABC’s. Within that process I have a decent feeling they were vocalized in song form; more than likely it sounded like Twinkle Twinkle. A well known melody from birth. Hearing music everywhere, tuned into our favorite station on the radio, throughout stores in the mall, or even the drumming to the tempo of the car’s turn signal in front of ours. As individuals, we have developed over time the senseRead MoreThe Effects Of Too Much Screen Time930 Words   |  4 Pageswhen our brain has the highest plasticity and when our sensitive period for brain development is (Berk). During this sensitive period is when appropriate stimuli is vital to our brain growth and is also when our experiences play the most important role in our development. The infant and toddler years should be spent developing healthy bonds and relationships with the child’s parents, other family members, exposing children to new experiences, and creating healthy habits. Those cr itical years should

Motivation, Emotion, and Behavior free essay sample

According to Dictionary.com, motivation is an arousal of an organism that acts toward a desired goal. Emotion is the state of consciousness of what one experiences such as love, hate, happy and sad. Behavior is an action or reaction under certain circumstances. The relationship between the three is feelings that one receives under each. For instance, a cold rainy day, on such a day, one’s motivation may be to lie around all day and possibly not change out of their pajama’s, which could lead to a sad and depressive day, (emotions) which leads to an â€Å"I don’t care† behavior. Emotions can affect motivation negatively or positively. As previously stated, emotions are a state of consciousness and sets how one is motivated. If I am happy, this gives me a positive motivation to which I would be able to accomplish most anything. If I am sad, then my emotions would be negative, therefore, I would not be motivated to accomplish anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation, Emotion, and Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This state could be justified as a depressive state of mind. An example of a specific behavior and the motivators and emotions that can be behind that behavior is â€Å"anger†, many could say anger comes from an attitude, and while attitudes and behaviors can go hand in hand, one’s behavior is the physical manifestation of your attitude and an attitude is an inner thought about what’s around you. The motivators and emotions behind anger is the state of being one has or the environment and situation one is in and how it makes them feel. Theories of Emotion; The four major theories of emotion are: The James-Lange theory, the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schacter-Singer theory and the Lazarus theory. The James-Lange theory proposes that an event or stimulus causes a physiological arousal without any interpretation or conscious thought, and you experience the resulting emotion only after you interpret the physical response. (Ruud, M.) The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests that the given stimulus evokes both a physiological and an emotional response simultaneously, and that neither one causes the other. (Ruud, M.)The Schacter-Singer theory believes that an event causes physiological arousal, but that you must then identify a reason for the arousal before you label the emotion. (Ruud, M.)The Lazarus theory  builds on Schacter-Singer theory. It proposes that when an event occurs, a cognitive appraisal is made, either consciously or subconsciously, and based on the result of that appraisal, an emotion and physiological response follows. (Ruud, M.) I believe that the most valid of the four theories is Lazarus. I think that an emotion is based consciously and subconsciously. Even though the theories are all â€Å"feelings†, a person can create an emotion with or without really thinking about it. A good example, my granddaughter at times begins crying, and when asked why, her response is â€Å"I don’t know†. I think that the least valid of the four theories is the James-Lange theory. I think that a person’s emotions have to come from a conscious thought and that you do not experience the emotion â€Å"after the fact†. Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity; I believe that in describing thinking, intelligence, and creativity, they all can be associated with reasoning and rationality. Thinking, intelligence, and creativity, all come from a mental capacity that one creates in their mind. Creativity does illustrate one’s thinking process and level of intelligence. Intelligence is when one has the ability to learn something during a thought process using their imagination to create new ideas. Examples of this is, I have a pattern to make dolls from a phone book, while turning each of the pages half way down, I began thinking why I was doing this, this was not something that a five year old would be able to play with, not to mention I have enough â€Å"junk† up on shelves. Three-fourths through the book, I opened it and what should have been the bottom of the dress for the doll, I thought it looks similar to a Christmas tree. So, using my thought process and intelligence, I decided to spray paint the finished product green, glue a star on top, and glue small pom-poms around it to making â€Å"decorations† and use it for a center piece on my table during the Christmas holidays.

Decision Making and Greyhound free essay sample

Greyhound Lines is a bus transportation company that had problems with operating costs and customer service. It did not have union in solving vital problems, more concretely, while Greyhound’s executive faced with these issues by reorganizing such as massive cuts in personnel, routes’ and service, along with computerization, middle managers in computer programming, human resource and terminal managers considered that executive’s solution was inappropriate. As a result, it was impossible for them to handle, did the number of passengers not only plunged dramatically but rivals also had been picking off Greyhound’s customers. To understand more deeply about what is going on in Greyhound Lines, we turn to discuss about the way executive managers made decision and analyze what was not satisfactory. 1. Was the decision facing Greyhound executives, programmed or non-programmed? From the case study, we can obviously identify with certainty that Greyhound’s executives were facing with non-programmed decision. Let remind a bit more about non-programmed decisions, that apply specific solutions crafted for a unique problem. 1] It was the first time facing with being unaffordable to dispatch nearly empty vehicles or have buses and drives on call to meet surges in demand. They did bring two solutions to reduce operating costs and improve customer services. For examples of non-programmed decision, first, Greyhound’s top managers introduced Trips through computerization of everything from passenger reservations to fleet scheduling. Modern technology helps work out automatically, quickly and effectively that may bring Greyhound for competitive advantages. They seemed to be lucid decisions because applying technology leads both saving labor cost and time. However, is technology always good or it also come long with various conditions? The second example of non-programmed decision was cutting labor force, routes, and services. It may be a suitable way to cutting cost . Nevertheless, whether Greyhound can improve customer service by these massive cuts? To conclude, Non-programmed decisions are made when new and unexpected situation occurs and information deficiency. Thus every executives manager need to awake to give solution carefully or they will influence badly. . Do you think Greyhound executives should have used the classical model, administrative model, political model or judgmental heuristics approach? Which do you believe they used? Discuss In my point of view, Greyhound executive should have used classical model that describes decision making with complete information[2] because of some reasonable evidences below. Firstly, they exactly understood what problem they was facing with that they clearly defined were difficult in providing buses which is of maximum capacity and they are not providing enough bus services when the demand for rides increased. Secondly, they got knowledge of possible alternative that managers in computer programming urged a delay in introducing the computerized Trips system, to work out bugs in the highly complex software. Next, they knew clearly their consequence by being provided adequate and significant information from other managers in different departments. For instance, the human resource managers pointed out that the terminal workers were unskilled in using Trips- new technology or they had needed extensive training program before they used the new system. Besides, the terminal managers also warned about their partial customers’ finance status such as they did not have credit card or even telephone to use Trips. Consequently, if they continued to take over applying Trips program, they might land in an impasse. The result was proven, the number of passengers fell down and they lost their market share. Although they had some above limit respects, they still have based on their sufficient information to make an optimizing decision to rescue themselves from problems and classical decision model is better choice. However, they used administrative decision model that affected a whole badly. Greyhound’s executives ignored all other department managers’ ideas and essential information. This was the very reasons for create boundaries, cognitive limitation that leaded them to making decision with partial knowledge. They put themselves into risky and uncertain conditions, which made them considered that administrative decision model was the most useful. Then they chose the first alternative that appeared to give a satisfactory resolution of the problem. They did mistake in running new system in that inappropriate period. In conclusion, I believe that the classical model is more appropriate to be used due to the clarity of the problem, condition of certainty and the availability of information that Greyhound actually had. 3. Analyze the Greyhound’s case in terms of the five steps of managerial decision-making process. Discuss and give your idea. Five steps of managerial decision- making process are finding and define the problem, generate and evaluate alternative solutions, select preferred solution and conduct ethic double-check, implement the solution and evaluate results. The first step in decision making- identify and define problem is vital step that impacts on how managers determine suitable strategy to solve problem. Greyhound done well in this step, they found that their major problem that neither broadly nor narrowly is inability to dispatch virtually empty buses, having employees who were not displaying professional behaviors and also not having drivers or buses on call to meet the demand by customers. That was also the root cause not symptom of problem and they found out their correct trouble to face with. The second step is generate and evaluate alternative problem, at this stage, more information is gathered, more involvement of other people is needed that will create the whole picture with sufficient information to evaluate alternative as well as consequence. However, in this step Greyhound did all mistake, executives gave solution too quickly and chose an alternative that was not as good as others that might be discovered. If I was Greyhound’s executive, instead of making decision in information deficiency, I will get all other department to commit to have whole vision about company’s respects. After that, I would conduct the cost-benefit analysis. This analysis allows the comparison of the cost and benefits of each potential course of action whereby the best case scenario would be having the benefit of solving the performance deficiency to outweigh the cost of implementing the alternatives. Fixing bugs is just temporary solution so at the same time, I will create training program for employee know how to use Trips system. Hence, with careful preparation, I will turn into new system at the right time in the future to make more competive advantage. Third step would be choosing a solution. The Greyhound executives actually made a satisficing decision. Meaning, they chose the first satisfactory alternative that came to their attention. In this case, they were dead set on choosing to implement the reorganization plan and introducing computerization. This is a decision made under the behavioral model, through which decisions are made with limited information and bounded rationality. If I was an executive, I would consider the suggestions made by my managers before I choose a solution. This is an optimizing decision and an optimizing decision allows me to choose the lternative giving me the absolute best solution to a problem. Subsequently, we have to implement the solution. Participation is crucial for a successful implementation. Participation is evident as the middle managers, managers in computer programming, the Human resource department and the terminal manager all contributed their ideas. Nevertheless, the managers had an equivocal thought with the executives. Surpr isingly the plan was still given the green light by the executives. Given the solutions presented by them, I would have tried to reach a compromise. This will show my respect towards them as a fellow employee. Finally, we must evaluate the result of the decisions made. A continuity of commitment to gather information on performance result allows us to make corrective actions. The outcomes were not positive for the case of Greyhound Lines Inc. The strategies and premature introduction of the new computerization reservations system resulted in inefficiency of customer service, dissatisfied customers and a decrease in ridership. The management ought to formulate corrective measures after identifying the dire state of the company.